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024 7 _ |a 10.1038/s41467-026-69337-9
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037 _ _ |a DZNE-2026-00201
041 _ _ |a English
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100 1 _ |a Menden, Benita
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245 _ _ |a Loss-of-function variants in the CAPN1 activator CD99L2 cause X-linked spastic ataxia.
260 _ _ |a [London]
|c 2026
|b Springer Nature
336 7 _ |a article
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336 7 _ |a Journal Article
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336 7 _ |a ARTICLE
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336 7 _ |a Journal Article
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520 _ _ |a Most patients with a rare movement disorder (MD) do not receive a molecular diagnosis, and the underlying genetic variants and mediating genes remain elusive. Here, we evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of conventional and next-generation sequencing-based genetic testing strategies in a cohort of 2,811 individuals with ataxia, spastic paraplegia and dystonia. Exome sequencing establishes genetic diagnoses in 19.3% of cases, and specificity of phenotypic features and age at testing are positive predictors. Genome analysis 'beyond the exome' increases the diagnostic yield by 7.5%, mostly due to the improved detection of structural variants and repeat expansions. Unsolved cases are included in the Solve-RD cohort and subjected to gene-burden analysis, providing evidence for loss-of-function variants in X-chromosomal CD99L2 causing spastic ataxia. Cellular studies show that the transmembrane protein CD99L2 occurs mainly in a ubiquitinated form and serves as an activating interactor of the calcium-dependent protease CAPN1. Ablation of cytoplasmic or extracellular domains of CD99L2 leads to its intracellular mislocalization and abrogation of its interplay with CAPN1. Transcriptome analysis in CD99L2 patient-derived fibroblasts reveals synaptic function-specific disturbances. Impaired CAPN1 activation and dysregulation of downstream neuronal pathways constitute the likely molecular cause for neurodegeneration.
536 _ _ |a 353 - Clinical and Health Care Research (POF4-353)
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650 _ 7 |a Calpain
|0 EC 3.4.22.-
|2 NLM Chemicals
650 _ 7 |a CAPN1 protein, human
|0 EC 3.4.22.52
|2 NLM Chemicals
650 _ 7 |a 12E7 Antigen
|2 NLM Chemicals
650 _ 2 |a Humans
|2 MeSH
650 _ 2 |a Calpain: metabolism
|2 MeSH
650 _ 2 |a Calpain: genetics
|2 MeSH
650 _ 2 |a Muscle Spasticity: genetics
|2 MeSH
650 _ 2 |a Muscle Spasticity: diagnosis
|2 MeSH
650 _ 2 |a Muscle Spasticity: metabolism
|2 MeSH
650 _ 2 |a Spinocerebellar Ataxias: genetics
|2 MeSH
650 _ 2 |a Spinocerebellar Ataxias: diagnosis
|2 MeSH
650 _ 2 |a Spinocerebellar Ataxias: metabolism
|2 MeSH
650 _ 2 |a Male
|2 MeSH
650 _ 2 |a Female
|2 MeSH
650 _ 2 |a 12E7 Antigen: genetics
|2 MeSH
650 _ 2 |a 12E7 Antigen: metabolism
|2 MeSH
650 _ 2 |a Optic Atrophy: genetics
|2 MeSH
650 _ 2 |a Optic Atrophy: diagnosis
|2 MeSH
650 _ 2 |a Adult
|2 MeSH
650 _ 2 |a Loss of Function Mutation
|2 MeSH
650 _ 2 |a Exome Sequencing
|2 MeSH
650 _ 2 |a Adolescent
|2 MeSH
650 _ 2 |a Cohort Studies
|2 MeSH
650 _ 2 |a Fibroblasts: metabolism
|2 MeSH
650 _ 2 |a Child
|2 MeSH
650 _ 2 |a Middle Aged
|2 MeSH
650 _ 2 |a Genetic Testing
|2 MeSH
650 _ 2 |a Genetic Diseases, X-Linked: genetics
|2 MeSH
650 _ 2 |a Genetic Diseases, X-Linked: diagnosis
|2 MeSH
650 _ 2 |a Young Adult
|2 MeSH
650 _ 2 |a Intellectual Disability
|2 MeSH
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773 _ _ |a 10.1038/s41467-026-69337-9
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Marc 21