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000285468 0247_ $$2doi$$a10.1016/j.clinph.2025.2111436
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000285468 0247_ $$2pmc$$apmc:PMC7618810
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000285468 0247_ $$2ISSN$$a0921-884X
000285468 0247_ $$2ISSN$$a1872-8952
000285468 037__ $$aDZNE-2026-00245
000285468 041__ $$aEnglish
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000285468 1001_ $$aAntal, Andrea$$b0
000285468 245__ $$aLow intensity transcranial electric stimulation: Safety, ethical, legal regulatory and application guidelines (2017-2025: An update) - endorsed by the European Society for Brain Stimulation (ESBS) and by the International Federation for Clinical Neurophysiology (IFCN).
000285468 260__ $$aAmsterdam [u.a.]$$bElsevier Science$$c2026
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000285468 520__ $$aThis guideline summarizes updated safety data (2017-2025) and provides expert recommendations on the use of low intensity transcranial electrical stimulation (tES) in humans. tES encompasses several techniques including transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), oscillatory transcranial direct current stimulation (otDCS), transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), transcranial random noise stimulation (tRNS), transcranial temporal interference stimulation (tTIS), and their combinations or variations. Across over 300,000 sessions involving healthy individuals, patients with neuropsychiatric conditions, and other clinical populations, no tES-related serious adverse events (AEs) have been reported. Moderate AEs are rare and limited to a small range of specific applications. Mild AEs are common and include transient symptoms such as localized sensations (e.g., tingling or burning), headaches, and fatigue. Similar mild AEs are also reported by individuals receiving placebo stimulation. The frequency, magnitude, and type of AEs are comparable across healthy, clinical, and vulnerable groups, including children, elderly, or pregnant women. Combined interventions (e.g., co-application with EEG, TMS, or neuroimaging) have not shown increased safety risks. Safety is well-established for both bipolar and multichannel tES when applied up to 4 mA and up to 60 min per day. Higher intensities and longer stimulation durations may also be safe. Nevertheless, the number of studies using intensities above 4 mA or stimulating longer than 60 min is low. Home-based use of treatments is growing rapidly, leveraging remote supervision to provide patients with greater access and enable repeated, sustained dosing paradigms. We recommend using screening and AE questionnaires in future controlled studies, in particular when planning to extend the stimulation parameters applied. We discuss recent regulatory and ethical issues.
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000285468 650_7 $$2Other$$aAdverse events
000285468 650_7 $$2Other$$aEthics
000285468 650_7 $$2Other$$aRegulation
000285468 650_7 $$2Other$$aSafety
000285468 650_7 $$2Other$$aTraining
000285468 650_7 $$2Other$$atACS
000285468 650_7 $$2Other$$atDCS
000285468 650_7 $$2Other$$atES
000285468 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aHumans
000285468 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aTranscranial Direct Current Stimulation: adverse effects
000285468 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aTranscranial Direct Current Stimulation: standards
000285468 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aTranscranial Direct Current Stimulation: methods
000285468 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aTranscranial Direct Current Stimulation: ethics
000285468 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aSocieties, Medical: standards
000285468 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aNeurophysiology: legislation & jurisprudence
000285468 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aNeurophysiology: standards
000285468 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aEurope
000285468 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aTranscranial Magnetic Stimulation
000285468 650_2 $$2MeSH$$aBrain: physiology
000285468 7001_ $$aBjekić, Jovana$$b1
000285468 7001_ $$aGanho-Ávila, Ana$$b2
000285468 7001_ $$aAlekseichuk, Ivan$$b3
000285468 7001_ $$aAssecondi, Sara$$b4
000285468 7001_ $$aBergmann, Til Ole$$b5
000285468 7001_ $$aBikson, Marom$$b6
000285468 7001_ $$aBrunelin, Jerome$$b7
000285468 7001_ $$aBrunoni, Andre R$$b8
000285468 7001_ $$aCharvet, Leigh$$b9
000285468 7001_ $$aChen, Robert$$b10
000285468 7001_ $$aCohen Kadosh, Roi$$b11
000285468 7001_ $$aDiedrich, Lukas$$b12
000285468 7001_ $$aD'Urso, Giordano$$b13
000285468 7001_ $$aFerrucci, Roberta$$b14
000285468 7001_ $$aFilipović, Saša R$$b15
000285468 7001_ $$aFitzgerald, Paul B$$b16
000285468 7001_ $$0P:(DE-2719)2812683$$aFlöel, Agnes$$b17$$udzne
000285468 7001_ $$aFröhlich, Flavio$$b18
000285468 7001_ $$aGeorge, Mark S$$b19
000285468 7001_ $$aHamilton, Roy H$$b20
000285468 7001_ $$aHaueisen, Jens$$b21
000285468 7001_ $$aHallett, Mark$$b22
000285468 7001_ $$aHerrmann, Christoph S$$b23
000285468 7001_ $$aHummel, Friedhelm C$$b24
000285468 7001_ $$aJaberzadeh, Shapour$$b25
000285468 7001_ $$aLangguth, Berthold$$b26
000285468 7001_ $$aLavidor, Michal$$b27
000285468 7001_ $$aLefaucheur, Jean-Pascal$$b28
000285468 7001_ $$aMiniussi, Carlo$$b29
000285468 7001_ $$aMoliadze, Vera$$b30
000285468 7001_ $$aNikander, Mika$$b31
000285468 7001_ $$aNikolin, Stevan$$b32
000285468 7001_ $$aNitsche, Michael A$$b33
000285468 7001_ $$aOpitz, Alexander$$b34
000285468 7001_ $$aO'Shea, Jacinta$$b35
000285468 7001_ $$aPadberg, Frank$$b36
000285468 7001_ $$aPlewnia, Christian$$b37
000285468 7001_ $$aPriori, Alberto$$b38
000285468 7001_ $$aRamasawmy, Perianen$$b39
000285468 7001_ $$aRazza, Lais B$$b40
000285468 7001_ $$aRossi, Simone$$b41
000285468 7001_ $$aRothwell, John$$b42
000285468 7001_ $$aRueger, Maria A$$b43
000285468 7001_ $$aRuffini, Giulio$$b44
000285468 7001_ $$aSack, Alexander T$$b45
000285468 7001_ $$aSalvador, Ricardo$$b46
000285468 7001_ $$aSchellhorn, Klaus$$b47
000285468 7001_ $$aSchuhmann, Teresa$$b48
000285468 7001_ $$aShirota, Yuichiro$$b49
000285468 7001_ $$aSiebner, Hartwig Roman$$b50
000285468 7001_ $$aThielscher, Axel$$b51
000285468 7001_ $$aUgawa, Yoshikazu$$b52
000285468 7001_ $$aUusitalo, Susanne$$b53
000285468 7001_ $$aWexler, Anna$$b54
000285468 7001_ $$aPaulus, Walter$$b55
000285468 7001_ $$aVanderhasselt, Marie-Anne$$b56
000285468 7001_ $$aVan Waes, Vincent$$b57
000285468 7001_ $$aWessel, Maximilian J$$b58
000285468 7001_ $$aWischnewski, Miles$$b59
000285468 7001_ $$aBaeken, Chris$$b60
000285468 7001_ $$aZiemann, Ulf$$b61
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