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@ARTICLE{Shahid:285810,
      author       = {Shahid, Hadiqa and Sohail, Tehreem and Noor, Aneeqa and
                      Zafar, Saima},
      title        = {{A} {S}ystematic {R}eview of the {A}pplications of {C}arbon
                      {D}ots for the {T}reatment of {D}iabetes},
      journal      = {Journal of drug delivery science and technology},
      volume       = {114},
      issn         = {1157-1489},
      address      = {Paris},
      publisher    = {Ed. de Santé},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2026-00346},
      pages        = {107497},
      year         = {2025},
      abstract     = {Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease which is defined by
                      persistent hyperglycemia and long-term complications which
                      include neuropathy, nephropathy, and impaired wound healing.
                      Conventional therapies face limitations like side effects,
                      poor drug bioavailability, and invasive monitoring methods.
                      This systematic review examines the recent studies that have
                      been done for the use and administration of carbon dots
                      (CDs), that are small biocompatible nanomaterials for
                      diabetes treatment and diagnosis. Drawing from in vitro and
                      in vivo studies, we highlight the nitrogen-doped CDs for
                      α-glucosidase inhibition, plant-derived CDs for glucose
                      regulation, sulfur and boron/sulfur-doped CDs for
                      non-enzymatic glucose sensing, nitrogen-doped and
                      metformin-derived CDs for insulin delivery, chiral CDs for
                      amyloid aggregation control, Arg CDs and pristine C60
                      fullerenes for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity,
                      Zingiberis-based CDs for hepatoprotection, Zn/C-dots and
                      VEGF-loaded nanodots for wound repair and nerve regeneration
                      and glucose-derived CDs for blood-brain barrier penetration.
                      These functionalized systems use heteroatom doping and
                      surface engineering to combine therapeutic and diagnostic
                      potential, protect β-cells, improve medication absorption,
                      and allow non-invasive glucose monitoring. Notably, several
                      nanodots originally developed for unrelated biomedical
                      purposes have also shown properties beneficial for diabetes
                      management, showing opportunities for repurposing, though
                      further validation in diabetic models is required. While CDs
                      show promise as an integrated platform for managing diabetes
                      and its complications, critical challenges remain in
                      achieving scalable, reproducible synthesis, ensuring
                      long-term safety, and optimizing targeted biodistribution.
                      Future work should prioritize standardized production,
                      mechanistic studies and extended preclinical and clinical
                      evaluation to facilitate translation into effective,
                      patient-friendly nanotherapeutics.},
      subtyp        = {Review Article},
      cin          = {AG Zerr},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)1440011-1},
      pnm          = {353 - Clinical and Health Care Research (POF4-353)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-353},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      doi          = {10.1016/j.jddst.2025.107497},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/285810},
}