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@ARTICLE{Scheitz:285916,
      author       = {Scheitz, Jan F and Villringer, Arno and Mikail, Nidaa and
                      Gebhard, Catherine and Endres, Matthias},
      title        = {{B}idirectional brain-heart interactions in health and
                      disease.},
      journal      = {Nature reviews / Neurology},
      volume       = {22},
      number       = {4},
      issn         = {1759-4758},
      address      = {London},
      publisher    = {Macmillan Publishers Limited, part of Springer Nature},
      reportid     = {DZNE-2026-00362},
      pages        = {209 - 225},
      year         = {2026},
      abstract     = {The brain and heart constantly communicate with each other
                      to adapt to changes in the environment. In recent years, we
                      have seen increasing recognition that brain-heart
                      interactions influence many cognitive and behavioural
                      functions, and that disturbances in this bidirectional
                      relationship can have detrimental effects on both organs.
                      Clinically, such disturbances can manifest as cardiac
                      dysfunction following acute psychological stress or a brain
                      injury such as acute ischaemic stroke, or as cognitive
                      disorders in patients with acute or chronic heart disease.
                      In this Review, we provide an overview of the physiological
                      interaction between the heart and the brain and show how
                      injury or dysfunction in one of these organs can lead to
                      dysfunction in the other. We describe the current state of
                      knowledge on neuronal correlates and humoral mediators of
                      brain-heart interactions, as well as state-of-the-art
                      methods for studying these interactions. We highlight the
                      clinical implications of disturbances in physiological
                      brain-heart communication for various clinical conditions,
                      including Takotsubo syndrome resulting from emotional stress
                      or from brain disorders, cardiac complications after stroke
                      (so-called stroke-heart syndrome), and cognitive dysfunction
                      in patients with cardiac diseases such as heart failure and
                      atrial fibrillation. In addition, we address sex and gender
                      differences in this bidirectional relationship.},
      subtyp        = {Review Article},
      keywords     = {Humans / Brain: physiology / Brain: physiopathology / Heart
                      Diseases: physiopathology / Heart: physiology / Heart:
                      physiopathology / Animals / Stress, Psychological:
                      physiopathology},
      cin          = {AG Endres},
      ddc          = {610},
      cid          = {I:(DE-2719)1811005},
      pnm          = {353 - Clinical and Health Care Research (POF4-353)},
      pid          = {G:(DE-HGF)POF4-353},
      typ          = {PUB:(DE-HGF)16},
      pubmed       = {pmid:41927938},
      doi          = {10.1038/s41582-025-01180-w},
      url          = {https://pub.dzne.de/record/285916},
}